考研英语有哪些重点的语法1 英语的基本语序是“主语 谓语”,这种语序称为陈述句语序或自然语序(normalwordorder),如果把谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前,就称为倒装语序(inverte下面是小编为大家整理的2023年度考研英语有哪些重点语法,菁选2篇,供大家参考。
考研英语有哪些重点的语法1
英语的基本语序是“主语 谓语”,这种语序称为陈述句语序或自然语序(normal word order),如果把谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前,就称为倒装语序(inverted word order),当谓语全部置于主语之前,称为全部倒装(full inversion);当谓语一部分(如助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前,称为部分倒装(partial inversion)。
一、全部倒装
(一)there be句型
有时一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于该句型,如:stand, lie, exist, live, remain, appear, come, happen, occur, rise等。
例句: generally, there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. (选自2007年use of english)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中a belief与that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states互为同位语关系,形容词短语large enough to be...作定语修饰states。
译文: 他们普遍认为新生的国家是拥有*和完全独立的国家,大到经济上可运行良好,并由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。
例句: there stands a monument to lin zexu at the center of the square, which attracts a great many of visitors all the year round.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句which attracts a great many of...修饰a monument。
译文: 广场中心矗立着林则徐纪念碑,每年吸引着成千上万的游客。
(二)here, there等词置于句首
here, there, now, then, thus, hence置于句首而主语不是人称代词时,主谓倒装;如果主语是人称代词或非人称代词,主谓不倒装。
例句: it is so late, and now is the hour when we must say good?bye.
分析: 该句是并列句。
译文: 太晚了,是该说再见的时候了。
例句: ——where is the report of urban plan made by the committee?
——there it is.
分析: 上下句同为简单句。
译文: ——委员会所做的城市规划放哪儿了?
——在这里。
例句: here is an example, which i heard at a nurses? convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.
(选自2002年text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句,which i heard at a nurses? convention和which works well共同修饰story。
译文: 举个例子,在一次护士大会上,我听到了一个效果很理想的幽默故事,因为听众都对医生持有相同的看法。
(三)表示方向、地点的状语置于句首
up, down, away, here, in, out, off等置于句首时,需要全部倒装。
例句: following the roar out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 一声吼叫过后,一只猛虎从丛林中蹿了出来。
例句: in came a number of boys and girls talking and laughing.
分析: 该句是简单句,talking and laughing在句中作伴随状语。
译文: 一群孩子边说边笑走了进来。
(四)作表语的形容词或分词置于句首
例句: present at the press conference were director and general manager of the shenzhen?based enterprise.
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 出席记者招待会的是总部设在深圳的企业董事长和总经理。
例句: lying unconsciously under the tree was an old man aged 75.
分析: 该句是简单句,aged 75修饰an old man,作后置定语。
译文: 一位75岁高龄的老人躺在树下,已经不省人事。
二、部分倒装
(一)否定词或具有(半)否定意义的词或词组置于句首作状语
如:never, scarcely, hardly, rarely, seldom, little, no sooner...than, hardly...when,scarcely...when (before), not only, in no case (in no way, at no time, on no account, by no means,under no circumstances,in no respects)(决不,在任何情况下都不), no longer/no more (不再)。
例句: television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in europe. (2005年第46题)
分析: 该句是复合句,and前是一复合句,定语从句by which...修饰the means,后一分句中never置于句首引起倒装。
译文: 电视是制造和表达这些情绪的方式之一,在加强不同民族和国家之间的联系方面,电视也许还从来没有像在欧洲事务中那样起过如此大的作用。
例句: not only is there a wide range of prices for goods in america, there is also a wide range in the quality of goods offered for sale.
分析: 该句是并列句。
译文: 美国商品不仅价格变化很大,而且供出售的商品质量也有很大不同。
例句: under no circumstance should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of both the people and the state.
分析: 该句是复合句,定语从句that will benefit...both and the state修饰anything, under no circumstance置于句首引起倒装。
译文: 在任何情况下,我们都不应只为了自己的利益而不惜损害祖国和人民的利益。 (二)only 副词/介词短语/状语从句(句首状语由only修饰)
例句: only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. (选自2004年part b)
分析: 该句是复合句,that were very different from their own是修饰languages的定语从句。
译文: 直到最近,语言学家才开始认真研究与他们自己所掌握的完全不同的语言。
例句: only when you have been absorbed in the study can you reach an idea whether it is impossible or not to complete it on time.
分析: 该句是复合句,an idea与whether it is impossible or not to complete it on time是同位语关系,only置于状语从句之前引起倒装。
译文: 只有当你全身心投入该研究中时,你才能得知能否按时完成。
例句: only gradually was the by?product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
(2009年第47题)
分析: 该句是由and连接的两个并列简单句,两个分句都是以only开头的倒装句,在前一分句中,主干部分是the by?product of the institution was noted, only gradually修饰noted;在后一分句中,主干是this effect was considered..., 其中only more gradually修饰considered, as a directive factor作主语this effect的补足语,介词短语in the conduct of the institution作directive factor的后置定语。
译文: 人们只是逐渐地认识到制度这一副产品,而在运行这种制度的过程中,认识到这种效果具有指导性作用的时间则更加缓慢。
(三)条件从句中省略if
在虚拟语气中,条件从句if省略时,倒装到主语前的是助动词should, had和系动词were。
例句: were the times co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could dramatically transform a family?run enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers. (1999年第13题)
分析: 该句是复合句,were the times co. to purchase是一省略if的倒装句,that it could dramatically...enterprise是doubt的同位语,而that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers是修饰enterprise的定语从句。
译文: 如果时代公司要收购另一家主流媒体公司的话,那仍旧靠报纸获得90%收入的家族式企业的模式肯定会遭到它大刀阔斧的改革。
例句: had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is. (1998年第10题)
分析: 该句是复合句,had it not been...是一个省略if的倒装从句,整个句子表示混合式虚拟语气,主句表示与现在相反假设,从句表示与过去相反假设。
译文: 要不是公众及时投资,我们公司不会像现在这么繁荣。
(四)其他部分倒装情况
表示前面陈述的情况适合于后者,前面是肯定句,后面用so引导;前面是否定句,后面用neither或nor引导,省略倒装句中的助动词在时态和语态形式上与前面句子保持一致。
例句: nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday?s “baby boom” generation reached its child?bearing years.
(选自1998年text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,as引导一原因状语从句,and so did...是省略了相同成分的"倒装句。
译文: 接连不断的移民潮,还有当年“生育高峰”时期出生的孩子已经到了生育年龄,这些因素也起了作用。
例句: americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the english with skill and gift. nor do they aspire to such command themselves. (选自2005年text 4)
分析: 该句是由nor引导的并列句。whether in speech or in writing的完整形式是whether they are in speech or in writing,表示让步;介词短语with skill and gift在句中作状语修饰动词command。
译文: 美国人不再期望公众人物在演讲或写作时可以娴熟地运用技巧和文采来掌握英语,而人们本身也不这样要求自己。
(五)so...that结构
so...that结构中,“so 状语”位于句首表强调时,使用倒装。
例句: so much does he worry about his parents that he can?t sleep well at night.
分析: 该句是复合句,that he can?t sleep well at night是一结果状语从句,so much置于句首引起倒装。
译文: 他特别担心父母,以至于晚上难以入睡。
例句: so involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
(2001年第6题)
分析: 该句是复合句,that leaders at summer computer camps...是一结果状语从句,so involved with...置于句首引起倒装。
译文: 孩子们对电脑如此着迷,以至于电脑夏令营的组织者们不得不强迫他们停下来做一些体育运动和游戏。(六)not until置于句首
not until置于句首时,连词until引导的从句主谓不倒装,但主句的主谓结构必须倒装。
例句: not until you return those books to the library immediately will you have to pay a fine.
分析: 该句是复合句。由于not until置于句首,主句will you have to pay a fine是一倒装句。
译文: 只有及时还书给图书馆,你才不会受罚。
例句: not until an infant hedgehog open its eyes does it leave its nest to follow its mother about.
分析: 该句是复合句。
译文: 小刺猬一睁开眼就离开洞穴,步步不离地跟在妈妈周围。
(七)下列几类副词或介词短语作状语置于句首表强调
频度副词:often, always, many a time, every day, now and then等;
方式副词:gladly, sadly, well, with every justification,with good reason等;
表程度的副词或介词短语:especially, to such length(s), to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes。
例句: with every justification did he explain his fault in the exam held by school.
分析: 该句是简单句,with every justification置于句首引起倒装。
译文: 他以种种借口解释他在学校举行的考试中所犯的错误。
例句: to such a degree did he go on with his tedious speech that some of us began to yawn.
分析: 该句是复合句,that some of us began to yawn是一结果状语从句。
译文: 他如此滔滔不绝地进行那冗长的演讲,以至于我们中间有些人都开始哈欠连天。
(八)as, though, no matter how, however引导的让步状语从句
as, though引导的倒装句型为:名词(前不加a或an)/形容词/副词 as 主语 谓语,该结构可用(al)though引导的让步状语从句来替换,译为“虽然”或“尽管”。
例句: much as i have traveled, i have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.
分析: 该句是复合句,其中从句much as i have traveled是一倒装句,短语“equal sb. in sth.”意为“在某方面与他人旗鼓相当”。
译文: 虽然我常旅行,但我从未见过任何人于任何工作能像她那样一丝不苟。
例句: odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary?particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. (1998年第75题)
分析: 该句是复合句,odd though it sounds是一倒装句,其中it指代cosmic inflation,介词短语in elementary?particle physics修饰ideas,that it is true在句中作convinced的宾语,另一介词短语for the better part of a decade作状语表示时间。
译文: 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特,但它还是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家十年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
(九)be 主语 其他(若其他是单数名词作宾语,则名词前不接不定冠词a/an)
这是一开放式条件状语从句,属于特殊倒装结构,表示泛指。该结构可用whether...or结构来替换,同时单数名词前的不定冠词保持不变,可译为“不管是……”。
例句: church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they christian, islamic, buddhist, jewish, and so on. (2001年第10题)
分析: 该句是复合句,be they...是一倒装句,相当于whether they are...。
译文: 我们所使用的教堂一词,指的是所有的宗教机构,不管它们是基督教、*教、佛教或犹太教等。
例句: in an urban society in which highly structured, fast?paced and stressful work looms large in life, experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird watching, can lead to self?renewal and a more “balanced” way of life.
分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为experiences of a different nature can lead to self?renewal and a more ..., 定语从句in which...looms large in life修饰society,短语loom large意为 “(赫然出现)压在心头,威胁着,笼罩着”。
译文: 在城市社会中,结构严密、步调迅速、充满压力的工作笼罩着人们的生活,某种不同性质的经历,不管是看电视还是观鸟,都能带来自我更新和一种“*衡的”生活方式。
考研英语有哪些重点的语法2
一、用否定词表示否定结构
常用的否定词有not, no, never, none, nothing, nobody, nowhere, neither, nor, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, rarely, little, few等,否定词置于句首时,句子要倒装,但否定的名词词组或代词作主语放在句首时,则不需要倒装。
例句: nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the american search for spacious living than in the far west. (选自1998年text 4)
分析: 该句是简单句,nowhere置于句首引起倒装。原句为:1980 census statistics dramatize the american search for spacious living in nowhere more than the far west.
译文: 1980年人口普查的统计数字淋漓尽致地表明,没有哪个地方比美国最西部更能凸显美国人想找寻更广阔的生存空间。
例句: not everyone agrees on the numbers of americans who are homeless.
(选自2006年use of english)
分析: 该句是复合句,who are homeless是修饰americans的定语从句。
译文: 人们对美国无家可归者的人数并不能达成共识。
例句: not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow?belt, census officials says.(选自1998年text 4)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 人口普查官员说,并不是所有的迁移都是因为人们想搬出寒带地区。
二、一般否定(也称全部否定)
在否定句中用表示全部否定的词,如never, neither, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere是对事实的全部否定。
例句: help will come from the un, but the aid will be nowhere near what is needed.
(1997年第5题)
分析: 该句是并列复合句,but前是一简单句。
译文: 联合国将提供帮助,但这一帮助距所需要的数额还相差很远。
例句: writing for the national immigration forum, gregory rodriguez reports that today?s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation.
(选自2006年text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句,分词短语writing for...在句中作状语表示时间,相当于when he writes for...。
译文: 罗得里格斯在写给国家移民论坛的一篇文章中提到,今天的移民既不像以前那样大规模的涌入,也不会拒绝融合。
三、部分否定
否定词not与表示全部概念的词如all, both, everybody, everything连用,不否定全句,而是否定句中某一部分,表示“不全是”、“不都是”、“并非”,也可与always, many, much, often连用。
例句: yet not all of these races are intellectually inferior to the european races, and some may even have freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced race. (1998年第17题)
分析: 该句是复合句,that can renew...是一个修饰freshness and vitality的定语从句。
译文: 但是,在智力方面这些种族并不一定低于欧洲种族,而且有一些使较先进的种族恢复能量的清新力量与活力。
例句: it is not always easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in european history.
分析: 该句是简单句,it是形式主语,真正的主语是to talk about the role of...。
译文: 谈论大众媒体在欧洲历史上这个具有非凡意义的阶段所发挥的作用并不总是一件易事。
例句: not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses adeline alvarez describes. (选自2008年text 1)
分析: 该句是复合句,其中adeline alvarez describes是一个修饰stresses的定语从句。
译文: 并不是人人都经历过阿尔瓦雷斯女士所描述的那种长期的高压。
四、转移否定
在主从复合句中,否定词形式上否定主句谓语,其实否定从句谓语,在动词believe, think, suppose, expect, assume, feel, guess, imagine等前加not是否定其所引导从句的谓语。
例句: i don?t think it advisable that he(should) be assigned to the job since he has no experience whatsoever.
分析: 该句是复合句,it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是that he(should) be assigned to the job。
译文: 我认为派他做这项工作不明智,因为他没有任何经验。
例句: i don?t suppose that anyone will object to my leaving for beijing.
分析: 该句是复合句,that后是suppose的宾语从句。
译文: 我认为没人会反对我去北京。
五、持续否定
在同一个句子中重复使用同一否定词,也可用不同否定词来加强语气,这种情况就是持续否定。
例句 : the problem is very difficult and obscure: health?care costs have not been, aren?t, and won?t continue to increase faster than government revenues.
分析: 该句是并列句。
译文: 问题晦涩难懂,那就是在过去、现在和将来健康福利的支出都不会比*税收增加得快。
六、省略否定
在上下文环境中,否定结构可用省略的形式。
例句: ——mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.
——i hope not. (选自2007年part c)
分析: 上一分句为简单句,下一分句为省略相同成分的简单句。
译文: ——父母可以为他们的孩子做许多事情来保障他们在步入成年前有一个安全的环境。
——我并不希望如此。
七、转换否定
英语中有些句子形式上是肯定而实际上表示否定含义,也有些句子形式上是否定而实际上表示肯定含义。
例句: young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete, certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to im*.
分析: 该句为复合句,其中can?t be too后接形容词意为“越……越好,再……也不过分”,本句中cannot realize too soon同为此结构,另外not nearly意为“远不”。
译文: 年轻科学家应尽快认识到现有的科学知识远不像许多教科书中所描述的那样全面,那样肯定,那样一成不变。
例句: copernicus showed that—far from being the center of the universe, about which the sun, the moon, the planets, and the stars revolved in clockwise homage—the earth is just one of many small worlds.
分析: 该句是复合句,主干部分为copernicus showed that the earth is just one of many small worlds,形容词短语far from being...是宾语从句的主语the earth的补足语,说明主语情况;定语从句about which...修饰the center of the universe。
译文: 哥白尼证明地球根本不是太阳、月亮及其他行星和星球按顺时针方向绕其转动的宇宙中心,它只不过是许多小小世界当中的一个而已。
八、重复否定
重复否定不同于双重否定,它是在不同时间内,从句或主句中作同一否定。
例句: the expression in his eyes was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the sentiments she had been prepared for.
分析: 该句是复合句,其中定语从句she had been prepared for修饰the sentiments。
译文: 他的表情既不是愤怒,也不是惊讶,又不是不满,更不是厌恶,不是她所预料的任何一种表情。
下列情况也是表示重复否定,意为“更不用说,更谈不到,更提不上,休说,莫谈,哪里,何况”,后接名词、动词、介词短语、不定式等。
(一)much less/still less/even less用于否定句
例句: normally, americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over prolonged small talk; much less do they take them out for dinner, or around on the golf course while they develop a sense of trust and rapport.
分析: 该句包含while引导的并列句,其中much less置于句首引起倒装。
译文: 一般情况下,美国人不会在这种轻松的环境中通过长时间的闲聊来评价他们的来访者,更不通过把来访者带到外面吃饭或去高尔夫球场来建立信任和融洽的关系。
(二)much more/still more/even more用于肯定句
例句: he could solve much more difficult questions, still more simple ones.
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 他连再难的问题都能解决,更别说这些简单问题了。
例句: we are ready to give our lives for our motherland, much more to suffer some hardships.
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 为了祖国我们随时贡献我们的生命,更不必说吃点苦了。
(三)let alone适用于肯定句或否定句
例句: for the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required. (1997年第38题)
分析: 该句是简单句,介词短语for the new...在句中作状语表目的。
译文: 一个新兴国家要生存,就必须制定新的经济政策,更不用说如何使一个国家的人民享受繁荣了。
例句: countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone gotten one. (2000年第10题)
分析: 该句为复合句,其中had they even thought of a divorce是省略if的倒装句,整句是表示与过去事实相反假设的虚拟语气。
译文: 几年前,政客们只要是有离婚的念头,就会在竞选中失败,更不用说真的离婚了。
例句: while few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be *yzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. (选自2009年text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,句子主干是it is obvious that..., 其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是that从句,while引导一个让步状语从句, let alone dependents and servants作插入语,to be *yzed作literary compositions的后置定语。
译文: 尽管很少数的手工艺者或农民(更不用说家属和仆人)留下文学作品供我们分析研究,但是很明显他们的观点并不完全具有学术性。
九、双重否定
双重否定即否定之否定。如果一句话中有两个否定词,而且从意义上互相抵消,则构成双重否定。
例句: there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.(选自2005年text 4)
分析: 该句是复合句,that cannot convey complex ideas是修饰language or dialect的定语从句。
译文: 世界上没有表达不了复杂思想的语言和方言。
例句: it was not for nothing that i discussed the matter with mr. liu for two hours.
分析: 该句为复合句。
译文: 我与刘先生就此事讨论了两个小时,并不是毫无结果。
推荐访问: 菁选2篇